Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article

2.1  Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in   an Athlete’s Sample.
2.2  Use or Attempted Use by an Athlete of a Prohibited Substance or a   Prohibited Method.
2.3  Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit to Sample Collection by an   Athlete.
2.4  Whereabouts Failures by an Athlete.
2.5  Tampering or Attempted Tampering with any part of Doping Control by an Athlete or Other Person.
2.6  Possession of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method by an Athlete or Athlete Support Person
2.7  Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method by an Athlete
  or Other Person
2.8  Administration or Attempted Administration by an Athlete or Other Person to any Athlete In-
  Competition of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method, or Administration or Attempted
  Administration to any Athlete Out-of-Competition of any Prohibited Substance or any Prohibited
  Method that is Prohibited Out-of-Competition
2.9  Complicity or Attempted Complicity by an Athlete or Other Person
2.10. Prohibited Association by an Athlete or Other Person
2.11. Acts by an Athlete or Other Person to Discourage or Retaliate Against Reporting to Authorities

The Principle of Strict Liability

The principle of strict liability is applied in situations where urine/blood samples collected from an athlete have produced adverse analytical results.

It means that each athlete is strictly liable for the substances found in his or her bodily specimen, and that an anti-doping rule violation occurs whenever a prohibited substance (or its metabolites or markers) is found in bodily specimen, whether or not the athlete intentionally or unintentionally used a prohibited substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault.

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Consequences of Doping

• Anxiety and aggression, increased and irregular heart rate, increased blood pressure.
• Loss of vision, crippling arthiritis, abnormal growth of the hands and feet, forehead, brow, skull and jaw.
• Loss of attention and motivation, impaired memory and learning abilities, respiratory diseases.
• Increased blood viscosity (thickness/stickiness), blood clots, general weakness.
• Increase aggression, acne, sexual side effects.

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